![]() After each retrieval attempt, participants were given the correct answer along with the four primes in a multiple-choice test. Because there was no facilitation in actual retrieval after semantic primes, this reflects a false “knowing” response. Younger and older adults also indicated that they were likely to “know” the answer more often after any related primes compared to unrelated primes. Younger and older adults benefited from phonological primes in retrieval, and also showed reduced, but reliable, facilitation from “both” primes. Retrieval was preceded by primes that were “both” semantically and phonologically related (e.g., abandon), phonologically related (e.g., abdomen), semantically related (e.g., resign), or unrelated (e.g., pink). Younger and older adults attempted to retrieve words (e.g., abdicate) from low-frequency word definitions. ![]() The present experiments investigated the influence of combined phonological and semantic information on lexical retrieval, metacognitive retrieval states, and selection in an immediate multiple-choice task. ![]()
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